During the time of the 13th Dalai Lama Thupten Gyatso, Trehor Khangsar Rinpoche was the Abbot of the Tantric College of Gyumey. Among his students were high lamas such as Jampa Chodak, who held the post of the 90th Gaden Tripa. Jampa Chodak was also the student who wrote a biography of Trehor Khangsar Rinpoche.

Pabongka Dechen Nyingpo was also a student of Trehor Khangsar Rinpoche, receiving teachings and initiations that may have well been passed down to many of the most prominent Gelugpa lamas in the world today. In fact, it was from him that Pabongka Rinpoche received the initiation of the Vajrayogini’s tantra in the tradition of Ngulchu Dharmabhadra.

Trehor Khangsar Rinpoche was born in a large town known as Ganzey located in the Eastern part of Tibet, in the Trehor region of Kham. He was also known by the name of Lobsang Tsultrim Denpay Gyaltsen. The name “Trehor” originates from Mongolia, from the time when the Mongols under the rule of Gushri Khan established themselves in the Kham region after defeating the King of Beri. As a young monk, Trehor Khangsar Rinpoche studied the Five Great Treatises at Drepung Loseling College in Lhasa and went on to become the seat holder at Ganzey Monastery. Eventually, he ascended the prestigious and respected position as abbot of Gyumey.

Among the texts written by Trehor Khangsar Rinpoche, we find notable commentaries on the First Stage of Yamantaka, Quick Path Lamrim, the Profound Path of the Six Yogas of Naropa, the Kalachakra Tantra and the Profound Guru Puja. In particular, there is also a specific series of texts on the Kalachakra written by Trehor Khangsar Rinpoche that are still being used to this day.

Trehor Khangsar Rinpoche was also known to have written rituals specifically to protectors. In the fourth volume of Trehor Kangsar Rinpoche’s collected works, we find protector rituals for invoking Dorje Shugden, Setrap and Nechung oracles that were written as a “tangrang” (thanksgiving) for the deities’ activities following auspicious oracle invocations.

In the short request for activity to Dorje Shugden, the Protector is described as riding a snow lion, a description missing from earlier Gelug descriptions. The text also mentions the role of Dorje Shugden as the protector of Manjushrigarba, which is the name of Lama Tsongkhapa’s incarnation in Tushita land. The short request for activity also contains a reminder to protect the Dharma and a request to protect the practitioners from illnesses, for them to have long lives and to be assisted on their path to gain attainment of realisations.

Some contemporary scholars claim that the practice of Dorje Shugden arose and was promoted predominantly by Pabongka Rinpoche. However, the discovery of texts like those written by Trehor Khangsar Rinpoche and other Lamas before him prove that the practice was very much alive and propitiated long before Pabongka Rinpoche.

Later, Pabongka Rinpoche composed the kangsol to Dorje Shugden at the request of a lama of the Kham area, and not on a personal initiative. This alone denotes that Dorje Shugden’s practice and rituals were already established in the region prior to the arrival of Pabongka Rinpoche, countering these scholars’ assertions.

Further, Trehor Khangsar Rinpoche writings referenced the fact that oracle invocations of Dorje Shugden were very much practiced at the time, contrary to later claims that Shugden was restricted by the 13^th Dalai Lama and established only by Pabongka in the mid 20th century.

The catalogue of Lobsang Tamdin lists this particular work, which also means that Dorje Shugden’s practice had found its way to Mongolia. The practice was not confined only to Tibet, but by this time, there were many lamas who had also brought Shugden, as well as other Gelugpa teachings, into Mongolia where it was also flourishing.

Without Pabongka Rinpoche passing on the valuable teachings to his heart disciple, Trijang Dorje Chang, none of us would probably be able to even lay our eyes and hands on this immensely blessed text.

Teachings that are passed down from one generation of teachers to the next generation of disciples are highly blessed. They become the treasured “oral transmissions” that is the heart of the Gelugpa tradition. Therefore, the teacher and disciple relationship is of utmost importance. It is what we call the path of Vajrayana.

For instance, the Southern style Lamrim that we all know today as documented in the Liberation in the Palm of Your Hand was actually a priceless teaching given to a great lama named Kelsang Tenzin directly from the Buddha of Wisdom himself, Manjushri.

Pictured here is an image of Dagpo Jampel Lhundrup who was the Guru of Pabongka Dorje Chang.

Then Kelsang Tenzin had passed on these teachings to Dagpo Kelsang Khedrup, who passed it on to Dagpo Jampel Lhundrub. This is how the special teachings came to Pabongka Rinpoche. It was Pabongka Rinpoche who then spread this teaching to the masses throughout Tibet; and from there, it has spread to the world.

Dagpo Kelsang Khedrup was no ordinary Lama. As the Guru of Pabongka Rinpoche’s Guru, Dagpo Jampel Lhudrup, Dagpo Kelsang Khedrup was the conduit of the many precious teachings that survived and were passed onto Pabongka Rinpoche.

Pabongka Dorje Chang also spoke highly of Dagpo Kelsang Khedrup on many occasions, where he declared Dagpo Kelsang Khedrup as one of the most important Lamas in the Gelugpa Lineage. The role of the lineage holders is very important and thus Dagpo Kelsang Khedrup was honoured in the Lamrim, as well as in the lineage prayers of the Gandapa Heruka Body Mandala.

In his lifetime, Pabongka Rinpoche promoted two specific teachings widely and passionately. One was the Southern style Lamrim which makes up the text Liberation in the Palm of Your Hand, and the other is the practice of a special powerful Dharma Protector, Dorje Shugden.

During the civil unrest in Tibet, Pabongka Rinpoche passed both these practices in their entirety to Kyabje Trijang Dorje Chang, as he knew that he was not able to leave Tibet. Pabongka Rinpoche did not want these precious teachings to die with him but for the lineage to continue and spread far and wide. He believed that in the future, many people would need the special Protector practice of Dorje Shugden as it would benefit many people of this time.

Following the wishes of his Guru, Pabongka Rinpoche, Kyabje Trijang Rinpoche promoted both practices widely, giving thousands of people the valuable Protector Dorje Shugden Initiation. Trijang Rinpoche also wrote the famous commentary, Music Delighting the Ocean of Protectors. This was a commentary on a praise of Dorje Shugden written by Dagpo Kelsang Khedrup that was called “Infinite Aeons”.

In essence, “Infinite Aeons” was a comprehensive text on the Dharmapala Dorje Shugden Fulfillment Ritual. It was passed down to Pabongka Rinpoche, who then passed it onto his closest disciple, Trijang Rinpoche. This became the vital text that Trijang Dorje Chang based his commentary upon in the Music Delighting the Ocean of Protectors. This text is still being studied and used among Shugden practitioners across the globe today.

In “Infinite Aeons”, the great Dharmapala Dorje Shugden’s previous incarnations are listed to include Sakya Pandita, Birwapa, Panchen Sonam Drakpa and Tulku Drakpa Gyeltsen. Within this document, there are stories about the erudite Lama, Tulku Drakpa Gyeltsen in this extensive praise to Dorje Shugden. There are details of Tulku Drakpa Gyeltsen’s life story, how he was murdered, how he arose as the Dharma Protector Dorje Shugden and was enthroned first by the Sakya clan and the Chinese Emperor. It also details how Dorje Shugden was finally confirmed as a Protector by the 5th Dalai Lama himself. Above all, “Infinite Aeons” explains that Dorje Shugden is an enlightened emanation of Manjushri in the wrathful form.

The text states that Dorje Shugden arose as a Protector to guard the precious teachings of the Nagarjuna’s Middle View as taught by the Dharma King, Lord Tsongkhapa.

In this text Dagpo Kelsang Kedrub included the serkym, or golden drink offering ritual, as well as offerings to the three main Yidams – Heruka, Yamantaka and Ghuyasamaja. In addition, we can find complete verses praising each of the five emanations of Dorje Shugden, and the Protector’s entourage – all 32 of them, excluding Kache Marpo.

Dagpo Kelsang Khedrup authored many important texts, such as the biographies of the Lamrim Lamas, generation of Bodhichitta and etc. However, the most crucial text of all would be the “Infinite Aeons”, as it confirms that Dorje Shugden is truly an enlightened being and not an evil spirit. Most importantly, it confirms that Dorje Shugden is none other than Lord Manjushri in a fearsome form.

At the age of 48, he made the decision to go to Ngulchu, a location situated within the province of Tsang to take teachings from the famed Ngulchu Dharmabhadra as well as his nephew, Yangchen Drupey Dorje.

Namka Tenkyong was a very accomplished master. He excelled in his studies and went on to become a reputable teacher in the Ganden tradition, earning him also the position as lineage holder of the Ganden Mahamudra teachings and the Five-Deity Heruka initiation lineage; he is even included within the lineage prayers of the practice, on par with his teachers Ngulchu Dharmabhadra and Yangchen Drupe Dorje.

Namka Tenkyong came to be known for his many writings including five different texts on the many practices of the Five-Deity Heruka and seven different texts on the Yoga Tantra practice of Kunrig (Four-headed Vairochana). Aside from that, he also produced commentaries on the six preparatory practices.

However, one of the most interesting works attributed to him is a ritual on Dorje Shugden by the name of The Miraculous Swift Messenger That Beckons the Four Activities: a Brief Method to Fulfill and Activity for the Great Dharma Protector Dorje Shugden.  This ritual can be found in the Dorje Shugden collection of works, Pe Bum.

A unique point of this text is that it equates Dorje Shugden as an emanation of Vajrapani, which was a common view held by the older masters, especially of Sera. Another mention of this is found in the letter composed by Ngulchu Dharmabhadra as an answer to a query, found under the collected replies section of his works. In here, there is a letter written to Shabdrung Rinpoche that talks about combining the practices of Ganden Lha Gyama and Dorje Shugden, and the torma offering that should be used.

This text is pivotal as it shows that during the first half of the 19th century there was already confirmation that Dorje Shugden was the absolute reincarnation of Tulku Drakpa Gyaltsen. This totally disproves George Dreyfus’s claims the two beings were not of the same mind-stream and that Pabongkha Rinpoche had made this up to make this practice popular.

He was born during the 19th century. Like many great masters, he had a very early start in Dharma and took the lay vows at the mere age of 7. Naturally, the ordination vows followed which he took when he was 17. They were granted to him by his teacher Ngawang Kedrup.

He then proceeded to take tutelage from some of the most eminent Lamas of his time which included the 10th Dalai Lama Tsultrim Gyatso, the 4th Panchen Rinpoche Tenpa Nyima, and the First Trijang Rinpoche Jangchup Chopel (1756-1838) who also happened to be the Ganden Tripa at that time. After completing his studies in Tibet, Rabjampa Ngawang Lobsang was styled Kurey Kenpo Nomonhan and returned to Mongolia.

It is particularly interesting to note that the collection of Rabjampa Ngawang Lobsang’s works contains a number of Dorje Shugden related materials, one of which is a Panchen Sonam Dragpa’s biography, followed by an account of the precious incarnations of Dorje Shugden. This tallies with the account found in Buton Rinpoche’s biography. This account clearly explains that Panchen Sonam Dragpa was famously known to be an incarnation of the masters Buton Rinchen Drup and Shakya Shri.

Besides this, Rabjampa Ngawang Lobsang had a set of unique works credited under his name including writings on Tara’s Tantra, a number of hagiographies and various other Dorje Shugden ritual texts which have been included in the Dorje Shugden Pe Bum. Many highly attained Gelug masters, including Pabongkha Rinpoche, would later make significant references to his works, especially with relations to Dorje Shugden.

Within his work, Rabjampa Ngawang Lobsang clearly states that it was Pehar who requested Panchen Sonam Dragpa to arise as a Dharma protector, as well as various evidence, accounts and reasonings that Dorje Shugden is an enlightened being who specifically swore to protect the Gelug lineage.

For example, he mentions in particular, how Panchen Sonam Dragpa fulfilled the requests made to him by Pehar, in his later incarnation as Tulku Dragpa Gyeltsen when he arose as a Dharma Protector. This is yet another piece of evidence that disproves the claims of modern day scholars that Dorje Shugden is but a recent invention by Pabongkha Rinpoche.

It is interesting that such scholars would have omitted such significant texts by these great masters and asserted that there were not many great old masters who supported Dorje Shugden.

Zhabdrung Ngawang Namgyal was key in reinstating the independence of Bhutan from Tibet under the reign of H.H. the 5th Dalai Lama and seen as the founder of Bhutan. Zhabdrung Ngawang Namgyal also established two systems of administrative power in Bhutan; one led by the Desi, who was responsible for civil administration while the other, led by Je Khenpo, was responsible for the spiritual administration of the country as the central monk body.

As a result of the enormous infighting among the succession of Desis, its role became redundant when the Bhutanese Monarchy came into power in 1907. However, the role of the Je Khenpo remains, and he is seen as the head of the Drukpa Kagyu school of Buddhism in Bhutan.

After the passing away of Zhabdrung Ngawang Namgyal, three incarnations were identified, one for his body, one for his speech and one for his mind. However, only the mind reincarnation was recognized to be his successor, and called the Zhabdrung.

Jigme Norbu, the Fourth Mind Incarnation of the Zhabdrung, was born into the respected family line of the renowned Bhutanese Nyingma terton, Pemalingpa (1450-1521), whose Nyingma teachings had became part of the Drukpa lineage. His list of teachers included several important Je Khenpos, including Sherab Gyaltsen (25th Je Khenpo), Padma Zangpo (27th/29th Je Khenpo), Jampel Gyatso (30th Je Khenpo), and Yonten Gyaltsen (31st Je Khenpo).

After Jigme Norbu was recognized as the mind reincarnation of the Zhabdrung, he was enthroned as the Desi in 1851 under the recommendation of the Central Monk Body. However, Jigme Norbu did not want to be ordained and decided to take a consort to practice advanced Mahamudra.

He also had a daughter. This was not well looked upon by Bhutanese society. That, combined with a suspicion that he was involved in a political coup, were the reasons behind his resignation in 1852. Soon after, he left his monastic seat, Talo Sanga Choling, which is located at Talo valley, and journeyed to Tibet.

Later, Jigme Norbu returned to Gorina, the monastery which was founded by his teacher, Sherab Gyeltsen, and passed into clear light at the age of 31.

Jigme Norbu’s compositions were published as one volume (1071 pages) by the National Library of Bhutan in 1984. It is entitled, “The Collected Works of the Fourth Zhabdrung Tulku of Bhutan, Jigme Norbu (1831-1861)”. Among the many great writings by Jigme Norbu is a ritual to various protectors. The introduction emphasized Guru Rinpoche Padma Thotrend as “Powerful Lotus of the Garland of Skulls”. He is regarded as a valid object of refuge for us and all of his followers, particularly the terton Pemalingpa and their protectors.

The ritual explains how to set up tormas, and explanations on different sections, such as the invocation and prostration. Protectors mentioned in this ritual include Mahakala, Tsering Chenga, Shinkongma, Rahula, Pam Busum, Tsiu Marpo, Palden Lhamo, Chatri Tsengod, Dorje Shugden, and Jagpa Melen.

There are many similarities in Jigme Norbu’s writings to the 17^th century Drukpa master, Drubwang Dreuley. Dreuley is the only other recorded Drukpa Master in Bhutan to have propitiated Dorje Shugden. Within the text authored by Jigme Norbu, as in the ritual by Dreuley, Dorje Shugden is specifically invoked from Lanka and Lhasa and at the end of the ritual, there is a praise to all protectors.

The volume also included a ritual specifically devoted to Dorje Shugden which seems to have drawn from the ritual written by the previous Drukpa master Dreuley. For example, the verses at the beginning that describe Dorje Shugden match those in the ritual composed by Dreuley.

Throughout the ritual, there are verses that seem to match verbatim, verses that match but with slight amendments, as well as completely new verses. The amendments included the many places where Dorje Shugden resides, such as Sakya Monastery, Doldum Bu Chokor, and Trode Khangsar in Lhasa. These places are all mentioned in the verses just before the invocation prayers. In Dreuley’s ritual, we find the same invocation praises, with only marginal variations.

We find identical verses of praise in both rituals. However, in Jigme Norbu’s first line of praise, which was modified from Dreuley’s ritual, Dorje Shugden is asserted to be the great protector who is the collection of all Buddha’s power, thus referencing Shugden’s own indisputably enlightened nature. There are also references and praises across the text to Guru Rinpoche, a rare connection that is not commonly associated with Dorje Shugden practice. For example, in the confession verses, it reads:

Ordered to protect the essential doctrine
By Padma Wang and Jamyang father and sons
Heruka and Vajrakapalamalin [Guru Rinpoche],
Dorje Shugden and retinue consider me.

While later verses in the enthronement parts of the ritual read:

Fully empowered and vajra-sealed
By deathless Vidyadhara Vajrakapalamalin [Garland of Skulls Guru Rinpoche],
To protect the general and specific doctrine,
I enthrone you as the Great King of Dharma Protectors.

We must take note especially of the clear references made within Jigme Norbu’s writings of Dorje Shugden’s Buddha nature and his intricate connection to Guru Rinpoche. In view of the uniqueness of this ritual, which has praises to Guru Rinpoche throughout, we could wonder if Dorje Shugden is a very special protector to this Great Master alone in Bhutan, or to all its previous great masters as well.

In his youth, he traveled to Tibet, enrolled into Tashi Lhumpo monastery and began his monastic curriculum. In 1660, The Great Fifth Dalai Lama bestowed the title ‘Jaya Pandita’ upon the young monk on the auspicious occasion of his ordination. He practiced Yamantaka, White Umbrella and Guhyasamaja as his yidams and delved into the studies of the great treatises while studying the medical treatises. He had some of the greatest Tibetan masters of his time as his spiritual mentors, including of course the most illustrious Tulku Drakpa Gyeltsen.

He would later return to Mongolia and spend the rest of his life translating a great number of important Tibetan texts into Mongolian. Jaya Pandita himself was a great linguist and being exposed to the technical sophistication of the Tibetan written language inspired him to revise the Mongol alphabet. He made the Mongol written language phonetically more accurate and this would become the genesis of an independent literary tradition.

Due to political reasons, the written records of Tulku Drakpa Gyeltsen was tempered or wiped out in Tibet. However, one of the few surviving documents that details the life and writings of Tulku Drakpa Gyeltsen were preserved amongst the written works of Jaya Pandita. During Jaya Pandita’s lifetime, much of the profound teachings of the Gelug order were being transmitted into Mongolia. Hence, the story of Tulku Drakpa Gyeltsen’s transformation into Dorje Shugden, the Protector of the Gaden tradition fired the popular imagination of the Mongol scholars.

Part of the collection of Jaya Pandita’s works includes the popular genre of biographies of Tulku Dragpa Gyeltsen and his previous incarnations. Thus, these biographies link Dorje Shugden closely to his illustrious previous lives. Also, these texts explored the most secret, mystical side of Tulku Dragpa Gyeltsen, revealing for example some of the visions that this teacher had even when he was still very young.

Later, Lobsang Tamdin analysed the meaning of a prophecy that Tulku Dragpa Gyeltsen had received from Panchen Lobsang Chokyi Gyeltsen – that as soon as Tulku Dragpa Gyeltsen passed away, the Chinese emperor came into the world. This became a clear indication that the Emperor Kang Xi of the Qing dynasty was none other than the incarnation of Tulku Dragpa Gyeltsen. He also became famously known as an emanation of Manjushri, with specifically close connections to Wu Tai Shan in China, the abode of Manjushri.

By these writings, the initial diffusion of Dorje Shugden’s practice in Mongolia is inextricably linked to the popularity of these texts. Unfortunately, this tradition of recognizing Dorje Shugden on the basis of his previous lives came to an end in the 19th century.

More unfortunately, many scholars today fail to reference these early sources in their contemporary discussions of Dorje Shugden, often leaning more towards the recent discussions of him as a spirit than relying on the texts of old which had earlier pointed clearly to his enlightened nature.

The legacy that Jaya Pandita left behind after his demise was not restricted to the literary tradition alone. In fact, he also founded an important monastery in Mongolia and four other monastic colleges.

Over the past hundred years, the position of Sakya Trizin evolved to alternate between two “houses” or Phodrangs, called Drolma and Phuntsog. Throughout the Sakya tradition, there has been a lineage of Dorje Shugden emanations which can be traced as far back to Sakya Pandita Kunga Gyeltsen (1182-1251), who was one of the five founders of the Sakya tradition.

Kunga Lodro (1729-1783), the 31st Sakya Trizin, was also said to be an emanation of Dorje Shugden. Kunga Lodro was known to have written several significant rituals to Dorje Shugden. In his own biography, he included the quote from the Nyingma Tantra which highlighted that Rinchen Nadun recognised Dorje Shugden as having the same nature as Avalokiteshvara.

Subsequently, Kunga Lodro took rebirth as his own grandson, Kunga Nyingpo (1850-1899), the 37^th Sakya Trizin. How that happened was that in 1849, Tashi Rinchen, the 35^th Sakya Trizin, was without an heir. Desperate, he requested his father, the Mahasiddha Padma Dudul Wangchuk, who was also the 33rd Sakya Trizin, to perform prayers and rituals for him at Mugchung, a Shugden temple, so that he could have a son as soon as possible.

When there was a break in the rituals, Tashi Rinchen asked the Mahasiddha who would be taking rebirth as his son, the Mahasiddha replied, “nowadays because of the degenerate time, nobody else is coming, Grandpa Shugden is coming as your descendent.”

That made Tashi Rinchen very pleased and he began the tradition of offering many butter lamps, and making offerings of music, with the sounds of horns and trumpets echoing from the roof of the temple during the ninth Tibetan month. Barely a year later, the emanation of Dorje Shugden and Avalokiteshvara, Kunga Nyingpo, was born.

From this illustrious lineage, Dragshul Trinley Rinchen was born in 1871 from the Drolma Phodrang, as the son of Kunga Nyingpo. Dragshul Trinley Rinchen received the Lamdre precepts from Kunga Nyingpo and successfully finished tantric retreats at the tender age of 16.

His teachers included his father Kunga Nyingpo, Dorje Drag Rigdzin Thubten Chowang Nyamnyid Dorje, Ngor Khangsar Ngawang Lodro Shenpen Nyingpo and Jamyang Chokyi Lodro. Before he turned 40 years of age, Dragshul Trinley Rinchen met H.H. the 13^th Dalai Lama and was already a respected Dharma teacher in Lhasa. In 1915, he followed his destiny when he became enthroned as the 39^th Sakya Trizin.

As can be expected from such an attained incarnate Master, Dragshul Trinley Rinchen was able to recite certain prayers without even having to learn them. His preference was to spend time in retreat, and he regularly had visions of deities such as Vajrayogini and Tara.

In his own autobiography, Dragshul Trinley Rinchen sought to establish that his father, Kunga Nyingpo, was one with Avalokiteshvara. As Kunga Nyingpo was recognised as an emanation of Dorje Shugden, who was also one with Avalokiteshvara, therefore, by logic, he must also be of the same essence as Avalokiteshvara.

Dragshul Trinley Rinchen also used as a reference the Nyingma Tantra Rinchen Nadun, also referred to by Kunga Lodro in his biography, which had stated that, “The one known as Dolgyal is not mistaken on the path to liberation, he is by nature the Great Compassionate One.”

Dragshul Trinley Rinchen perceived Avalokiteshvara as the Lord of Mandalas, who is a fully enlightened Buddha, which implied that Dorje Shugden is also a fully enlightened Buddha. This shows that it is without doubt that these great Sakya masters – the supreme heads of the Sakya tradition – have consistently viewed Dorje Shugden as an enlightened Dharma Protector over many centuries.

Contrary to the view that Dorje Shugden practitioners are sectarian, Dragshul Trinley Rinchen had stated in his biography that many lamas from different Buddhist traditions had visited him on many different occasions.

Of particular note in the autobiography is the visit by H.H. Pabongkha Rinpoche around 1905, where it was recorded that Dragshul Trinley Rinchen gave Pabongkha Rinpoche several initiations, which included the Four-Face Mahakala empowerment. Pabongkha Rinpoche kept this Four Face Mahakala practice close to his heart, as can be seen in the many rituals of this deity which are referred to in Pabongkha Rinpoche’s collected works.

There was much mutual respect between these two high lamas as Dragshul Trinley Rinchen spoke highly of Pabongkha Rinpoche in his autobiography. Around 1930, Pabongkha Rinpoche, who is a Vajrayogini master himself, sent five monks from Sera Monastery to receive a transmission of a particular Vajrayogini practice from Dragshul Trinley Rinchen.

Dragshul Trinley Rinchen gave several transmissions and initiations around 1915. These included the oral transmission of Swirl of Perfect Sense Offerings, an important ritual of Dorje Shugden written by Kunga Lodro.

It is of particular note that Pabongkha Rinpoche had incorporated practically word for word, the extended fulfillment section of this ritual from the Swirl of Perfect Sense Offerings in his renowned ritual to Dorje Shugden, the Melodious Drum Victorious in All Directions.

To date, there have been no other Dorje Shugden rituals in the Gelug tradition which have been adopted directly from Swirl of Perfect Sense Offerings. Aside from a few unique descriptions of Dorje Shugden and references to other Gelug rituals to Dorje Shugden in Pabongkha Rinpoche’s Melodious Drum, the practice is almost identical to Kunga Lodro’s practice.

To show how important Dorje Shugden was in Dragshul Trinley Rinchen’s practice, his autobiography recorded periodic rituals performed for Dorje Shugden and references to rituals performed at Mug Chung, the Shugden protector house in Sakya. He also recorded the times when Dorje Shugden came into trance through an oracle.

As can be seen in the list below of Sakya Trizins who were Dorje Shugden practitioners, it is completely illogical that the current H.H. Sakya Trizin now says that Dorje Shugden is an unenlightened protector. The only reason must be political, in order to keep the peace with H.H. the Dalai Lama.

A list of the supreme heads of the Sakya Lineage who viewed Dorje Shugden as an enlightened being:

• 30th Sakya Throneholder Sonam Rinchen (1705-1741)
• 31st Throneholder Sachen Kunga Lodro (1729-1783)
• 33rd Throneholder Padma Dudul Wangchug (1792-1853)
• 35th Throneholder Tashi Rinchen (1824-1865)
• 37th Throneholder Kunga Nyingpo (1850-1899)
• 39th Throneholder Dragshul Thinley Rinchen (1871-1936)

Dragshul Trinley Rinchen (1871–1936), the 39th Sakya Trizin, was a strong practitioner of Dorje Shugden. Researching his family history, he even proved that his holy father, the 37th Sakya Trizin Kunga Nyingpo (1850–1899), was an emanation of Dorje Shugden.

The 39th Sakya Trizin Dragshul Trinley Rinchen (1871–1936), head of the Sakya lineage, was a strong practitioner of Dorje Shugden. He is known for spreading the practice of Dorje Shugden within the Sakya tradition.

Addendum

Zasep Tulku Rinpoche’s autobiography ‘A Tulku’s Journey from Tibet to Canada’, published in 2016, provides historical evidence and irrefutable proof that the Central Tibetan Administration is falsifying the facts when it comes to the practice of the Dharma Protector Dorje Shugden.

The autobiography of Zasep Tulku Rinpoche, a high lama of the Gelug lineage, provides accurate historical accounts of the Dorje Shugden practice. Click to enlarge.

The back cover of the book, click to enlarge.

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Historical accounts show that prior to the politicization of the Dorje Shugden practice by the Central Tibetan Administration, this popular deity was relied upon by Dharma practitioners to help in their spiritual practice. Contrary to detractors’ claims about Dorje Shugden being ‘anti-Dharma’, this Dharma Protector practice was traditionally deemed to be suitable to be practiced alongside the Highest Yoga Tantras.

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Zasep Rinpoche and his family were able to escape to safety prior to the events of 1959 through the clairvoyance and prophetic advice of Dorje Shugden through one of his oracles, Lama Gelong Chojor Gyamtso.

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Oracles of the Dharma Protector Dorje Shugden were known for the accuracy of their prophecies due to Dorje Shugden being a fully enlightened deity with perfect clairvoyance. As stated clearly by Zasep Rinpoche in his autobiography ‘A Tulku’s Journey from Tibet to Canada’, Dorje Shugden warned the Tibetans of the impending loss of their homeland but his advice was mostly ignored by the Tibetan government.

The Tibetan government chose to consult the worldly state protector Nechung, and Nechung advised that the Dalai Lama should remain in Tibet where he would be safe. This was mistaken advice, as historical events would later show. Fortunately for Tibetan Buddhists all around the world, Kyabje Trijang Dorje Chang had great faith in Dorje Shugden and consulted the protector for advice on the Dalai Lama’s safety. Dorje Shugden via the Panglung Oracle urgently adviced the Dalai Lama to leave for India immediately and gave the exact escape route. In saving the Dalai Lama from certain harm, Dorje Shugden prevented the destruction of Tibetan Buddhism and preserved the future of the Tibetan culture and people.

Zasep Rinpoche’s account of events concur with monastic records that it was indeed Dorje Shugden who saved the Dalai Lama instead of Nechung, contrary to the claims of the Tibetan leadership.

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Dorje Shugden’s practice was first established within the Sakya school of Tibetan Buddhism. The Sakya Throneholders regarded this Dharma Protector as an enlightened being and Dorje Shugden, together with Dorje Setrab and Tsiu Marpo formed the triune of Sakya Protectors known as Gyalpo Sum. Today, Sakya practitioners claim that Dorje Shugden was never widely practiced by their lineage but history proves otherwise. The undeniable fact is that before the CTA’s religious ban, Dorje Shugden was practiced first by the Sakyas and was later transmitted to the Gelug school where it was practiced by the majority of the Gelugpas.

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Contrary to the CTA’s claims that Dorje Shugden’s practice is sectarian, Zasep Rinpoche’s autobiography shows how practitioners of all four schools of Tibetan Buddhism lived and practiced together in harmony, especially during the early years of exile in India. It was only when the CTA launched a virulent smear campaign against Dorje Shugden that the general public began to label Dorje Shugden a sectarian practice. In truth, Dorje Shugden’s practice is no more sectarian than the practices of other Dharma Protectors such as Mahakala Bernagchen, Achi Chokyi Drolma or Dorje Legpa, who protect the Karma Kagyu, Drikung Kagyu and Nyingma schools respectively.

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By the 1980s, the Tibetan government had failed to fulfil multiple promises to return the Tibetan people to their homeland. A scapegoat was needed and they made one out of an ancient Buddhist practice, pinning the loss of Tibet and the failure of the Tibetan cause on Dorje Shugden. In his autobiography, Zasep Rinpoche is of the same opinion, stating that “…the [Dorje Shugden] controversy was orchestrated by the Tibetan Central Administration…”

The Tibetan leadership effectively sanctioned witch-hunts on Dorje Shugden practitioners and persecuted them using government instruments, declaring that simply by being a Shugden worshipper, one was effectively an enemy of the Tibetan nation.

As a result of the hatred against Dorje Shugden practitioners instigated by the Tibetan leadership, virtually all Shugden Buddhists had to fear for their lives, or at least for their safety.

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Dorje Shugden’s beneficial practice has continued to thrive due to the courage and commitment of high lamas such as Zasep Tulku Rinpoche.

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For centuries, Dorje Shugden has been practiced alongside the highest practices of the Gelug and Sakya lineages. Zasep Tulku Rinpoche’s list of transmission is an indication that the highest scholars viewed the Protector as an enlightened being compatible with their yidam practices.

At a young age, he was enrolled into the monastery and was ordained by one of the most influential Gelug masters of his time, Yongzin Yeshe Gyaltsen. It was then that he was given the name, Yeshe Zangpo. Therefore, he studied devotedly under Yongzin Yeshe Gyaltsen and his student Lama Yeshe Tenzin, accomplishing a sound understanding of the Sutras and Tantra, including the three highly revered practices of Guhyasamaja, Heruka and Yamantaka Tantras.

After his studies, Yeshe Zangpo went into a cave and entered into intense meditational retreats and austerities in the same manner as the great yogis and Mahasiddhas of old. However, he was called back to the monastery at the request of his Lama to serve as the Abbot of the monastery. During his tenure, he became famous for giving extensive annual teachings on the Lamrim.

Yeshe Zanpo also left a wealth of written works based upon his wisdom and practice. His collected works is divided into two volumes and is based upon traditional subjects like the Lamrim, Mind-Training and Mahamudra. He became one of the main lineage masters that upheld the torch of the Gelug tradition when many luminaries like Yongzin Yeshe Gyaltsen, Purchog Ngawang Jampa and Longdol Lama were passing away.

Of his many contributions to the cannon of texts in the Tibetan Buddhist traditions, one of his most important writings was a long ritual text written to the Protector Dorje Shugden. In this text, Yeshe Zangpo describes the mandala of Dorje Shugden and its inhabitants in graphic detail.

Then, he gives further clear and vivid descriptions of the environment from which the mandala arises. This is very important for the purposes of visualization for practitioners engaged in the practices. This text is especially significant for it offers evidence that significant texts to the Protector were being composed quite some time before Pabongka Rinpoche. It is evidence too that Pabongka’s writings drew from previous existing texts such as this one.

In the invocation portion of the fulfillment ritual text, Yeshe Zangpo mentions the various holy places from which Dorje Shugden is invoked. These places include Gandhav-yuha paradise, the pond from which the earthly remains of Tulku Drakpa Gyeltsen is believed to have gathered, a Sakya Temple at Mug Chung, Ngor Monastery that has a Dorje Shugden shrine, the Gelug Riwo Choling Monastery in Yarlung that manages Trode Khangsar in Lhasa, ‘On Valley in Yarlung valley, a monastery near Gaden, the famous Trode Khangsar, which was founded by the Great Fifth Dalai Lama and the ruins of the hermitage of a Sakya Lama at Khau Drakdzong. This list reflects the holy pilgrimage sites that were popular in the 19^th century, many of which had shrines to Dorje Shugden.

In the colophon of this fulfillment text, Yeshe Zangpo wrote that he was requested to compose this text by the Abbot of Tashi Choling monastery in Lhodrag along with the monks of the monastery and various other practitioners of the protector. This means that Dorje Shugden practice had already become deeply entrenched in Southern Tibet and its peripheral regions. This text became widely distributed and found its way to Mongolia where it eventually entered into Lobsang Tamdin’s Bepum collection of Dorje Shugden texts. This is significant because that means that the text was already in wide circulation at that time.

When this text is examined, a new terminology, description of the mandala, epithets and longer Dorje Shugden mantra seemed to have been developed by Yeshe Zangpo. These elements seemed to have been incorporated into later fulfillment texts by Serkong Dorje Chang and Kyabje Pabongka Rinpoche.

It seemed from the newer terminology and epithets used, Dorje Shugden had moved up in prominence within the lineage and practices. Serkong Dorje Chang and Kyabje Pabongka Rinpoche would later use the titles and epithets developed by Yeshe Zangpo as they wrote about and promote the practice of Shugden. Examples include “Dharma Protector of the Conqueror Tsongkhapa”, “Lord of All Kings of the Powerful War Gods”, “Life Force Owner of All Beings of the Three Worlds” and “The Emanated Dharma Protector Dorje Shugden”.  

An important title, “Five Families of Dorje Shugden” – which is now very much used to describe the arrangement of the four emanations surrounding the principal – is also found throughout Yeshe Zangpo’s text. Later, highly attained Lamas like Rongchen Kirti Lobsang Trinley and Serkong Dorje Chang further endorsed these titles and references to Dorje Shugden when they used it in their own writings.

These use of such epithets revealed the great change that was happening at the time, where Dorje Shugden was beginning to figure more prominently as the main Dharma Protector of the Gelug sect. The very existence of this text shows that this change was taking effect during Yeshe Zangpo’s time – quite some time before Pabongka Rinpoche who people commonly (perhaps mistakenly) believe to be the starting point of the practice.

Certain scholars believed that Kyabje Pabongka Rinpoche made up the titles and epithets used on Dorje Shugden. However, in studying the texts composed by Yeshe Zanpo, it becomes clearer that it was actually Yeshe Zangpo’s writings that ushered in a new era of Dorje Shugden as being the Protector of the Gaden tradition.

Later, through the guidance of his guru Tagphu Pemevajra, Kyabje Pabongka Rinpoche further emphasized the importance of this newly elevated status of Dorje Shugden, giving it further prominence by writing a most central text, Melodious Drum Victorious in All Directions. The practice then spread like wildfire throughout Central Tibet, Amdo, Kham and Mongolia.

In his writings, Yeshe Zangpo also makes reference to a time when he was said to have witnessed Dorje Shugden taking possession of the oracle at Trode Khangsar. During the trance, he was told by Dorje Shugden to compile a torma offering ritual text in the same style as the wrathful enlightened Dharma Protector Kalarupa and a fulfillment text on the five emanations. It seemed that for Dorje Shugden to be elevated as the main Protector of Lama Tsongkhapa’s teachings, such a system of practice was essential.

However, this in no way means that the protectors of old – such as Kalarupa – were being replaced by Shugden. In fact, even Kyabje Pabongka Rinpoche maintained Kalarupa propitiation even within the Vajrabhairava cycle of practice and Kalarupa remains a very important and central practice in Gelug institutions around the world.

Yeshe Zangpo’s writing and contributions towards elevating the role of Shugden in the Gelugpa school must be remembered for marking a turning point and important changes in the history of the lineage. They had set the groundwork, so to speak, setting forth practice texts and establishing powerful epithets that would begin to ground the people’s faith in this “newer” Protector. It was by these initial efforts of Lamas like Yeshe Zangpo that Pabongka was later able to easily introduce the practices and popularize it for modern day practitioners.

A very special boy was born in 1779 in Mongolia. The boy would come to be known as Ngawang Khedrup, one of the greatest Mongol teachers of the Gelug tradition. He received his novice vows in Urga (modern day Ulaan Bator) and was enrolled into Tashi Chophel Monastery.

When he was old enough, he traveled to Tibet and enrolled into Drepung Gomang Monastery to study the five great treatises. At the monastery, he studied under a line of illustrious teachers including the Fourth Jetsun Dampa, the Eighth Dalai Lama and the Second Reting Rinpoche, one of the earliest Gelug Lamas to embrace the practice of Dorje Shugden.

While he was residing in Lhasa, there were certain adversaries fueled by jealousy who accused him of breaking his monk vows. However, with his strong faith and reliance on the Protector Dorje Shugden, he was soon absolved of all accusations when he went to consult the oracle of Trode Khangsar. Interestingly enough it was Nechung to advised him to consult Shugden on this matter, stating that only Shugden would be able to determine the truth in such disputes. This in itself is a clear indication of Shugden’s enlightened nature, for it is only Buddhas who have the highest level of unbiased wisdom to discriminate between right and wrong.

After he completed his monastic studies and received his Rabjampa degree, he decided to return to Mongolia. Upon his return, the Emperor Daoguang awarded him with the title of the Supreme Chief Khenpo. At that time, he took up office as the Abbot of a Gelug college which was renowned for specializing in the practice of Hevajra in the 19th Century. It was called the Hevajra Practice College of Urga.

Throughout his lifetime, Ngawang Khedrub wrote extensively and his collection of works includes sadhanas, hagiographies of Jetsun Dampa, commentaries of the Lamrim and a text detailing the death process. He seemed to have an especially close connection with Maitreya – his writings on sadhanas seemed to be centered on the Buddha Maitreya, including a praise to Maitreya. The book Mongolia and the Mongolians even details that a statue of Maitreya, standing at more 120 feet, was apparently commissioned by Ngawang Khedrub.

In a short text on Panchen Sonam Dragpa’s hagiography, Ngawang Khedrup wrote that the Dharma Protector Dorje Shugden arose from the omniscient wisdom of Panchen Sonam Drakpa. It is therefore not a surprise that one of his disciples, Ngawang Yeshe Thubten, became the author of one of the earliest Dorje Shugden ritual texts.

Later Gelug masters including Kyabje Pabongka Rinpoche frequently quote from this same text, drawing a direct link between Dorje Shugden and Panchen Sonam Dragpa as a previous incarnation. It is thus from great Lamas like Ngawang Khedrub that the lineage and practice of Dorje Shugden continues to grow in Mongolia.

It wasn’t long before he was recognised as the reincarnation of another great lama, Trichen Ngawang Chokden. He was then ordained by the Panchen Lama, Palden Yeshe himself and started receiving initiations from him at the age of 10. Among the teachings he received at this time were the teachings and initiations of some of the highest and most complex texts of Heruka and Guhyasamaja.

He later entered Sera Je to further his studies, and went on to aquire a Geshe Lharampa degree. Before entering Gyumed Tantric College, he was given full ordination by Palden Yeshe. He took up residence in Shidey Samten Ling in Lhasa and became a teacher for Changkya Rolpei Dorje’s reincarnation. At age 49, Tritul Tenpa Rabgye gave ten cycles of essential transmission and teachings on the Lamrim to thousands of monks when requested by Sera Je to do so.

Tritul Tenpa Rabgye had a very huge influence on many Gelug Lamas, mainly due to his amazing collection of works. As he was an ardent practitioner of Dorje Shugden, so too became many Gelug Lamas who were influenced by him, especially those of Sera Monastery.

His student, Rinchen Wangyal, authored some of the earliest Dorje Shugden initiations and life entrustment rituals that are still available today. Lobsang Trinley Namgya, who later became a Tsenshab to the 10th and 11th Dalai Lamas is also counted among his disciples. Tritul Tenpa Rabgye also requested for one of the first few extensive rituals on Dorje Shugden to be written which was done by Dragri Gyatso Thaye.

To understand more about Tritul Tenpa Rabgye, we must look at his works. He has four volumes of teachings. The four volumes of collected works was made available when they were published in 1985 by the Library of Tibetan Works and Archive, Dharamsala. The first volume of works primarily consists of liturgies of many tutelary deities.

The second volume of work is more of a collection of answers to the questions that were presented by his many students that covers a variety of subjects. It also contains many short propitiations to various Dharma protectors, both enlightened and worldly.

The third volume discusses more advanced subjects such as the method for developing bodhicitta, as transmitted in the Wheel of Sharp Weapons (Dharmarakshita). The fourth and final volume of works contains even more propitiations, rituals and liturgies for many different yidams and protectors, including a sadhana for the 13-Deity Mandala of Red Yamantaka.

From here, we can see that Tritul Tenpa Rabgye was a very learned scholar and accomplished practitioner, and that he actively promoted and practiced Dorje Shugden. His time predates that of the 13th Dalai Lama, which means that Dorje Shugden’s practice was already strong and firm back then. This refutes the claims of many ill-researched modern day scholars who assert that Dorje Shugden was a little known practice that was popularized only by Pabongkha. They also wrongly accuse of him of making up details about the nature of Dorje Shugden.

On the contrary, Trichen Tenpa Rabgye is known to have written propitiations and prayers (included within his collected words) to several protectors, including Dorje Shugden and Setrap. In both cases, the protectors are referred to as emanations of enlightened beings, with Dorje Shugden associated as an emanation of Vajrapani, a view commonly held by many masters of the time. He also makes references in a praise to the fact that Dorje Shugden abides in the Dharmakaya, strongly indicative of the fact that he is fully enlightened for only Buddhas reside in this sphere.

In combination with works from other Lamas, Trichen Tenpa’s short though important writings on Dorje Shugden form a part of a very significant cannon of work about this Protector and his true nature as an enlightened Buddha. It is clear that many high Lamas back in the day could see the true nature of Dorje Shugden and that he was practised widely by lamas of the highest calibres of the Gelug tradition. It was commonly reputed that those who propitiate him only excelled in their spiritual growth.