The donors depicted in the lower corners, identified by Tibetan inscriptions in the cartouche above their portraits, are (from the left): Tugh Temur, great-great-grandson of Kublai Khan, who reigned as Emperor Wenzong of the Yuan dynasty in China from 1328 to 1332: Khosila, elder brother of Tugh Temur, who reigned briefly in 1329 as Emperor Mingzong; and Budashri and Babusha, their respective spouses. The vertical strips that originally extended from the cartouches, which may have included the names of the emperors and empresses in Chinese, have been cut out.

It is likely that this mandala was commissioned before the death of Babusha in 1330, and completed after the death of Tugh Temur in 1332. The subject of the mandala suggests that it may have been produced for an initiation ceremony. We know from his biography in the Yuanshi (Yuan History) that Tugh Temur underwent two initiations as emperor, and that the imperial family practiced Yamantaka initiations.

http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/1992.54/

http://www.nytimes.com/1992/10/23/arts/the-art-market-antiques-for-royalty-and-others.html?pagewanted=all

There is considerable uncertainty as to the date of this monumental sculpture. Stylistically it is similar to gilded metal images of the same subject produced under the patronage of the early 15th century Ming Yongle and Xuande emperors, and some scientific tests have indicated its wood is at least that old. The sculpture’s theatricality and state of preservation, however, suggest that it might have been produced in the imperial workshops of Qianlong, the Qing dynasty emperor who ruled China from 1736 to 1795. Qianlong was intensely interested in Tibetan Buddhism, particularly the Geluk tradition, which honored Vajrabhairava as one of its principal protectors. If it is from the 18th century, its craftsmen might have been looking to Ming models in its creation.

Read more at https://vmfa.museum/collections/art/vajrabhairava-yamantaka/#1EGklfCDhsfWIV6A.99